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A new electro-optical effect in nematic liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy is described, using sandwich cells with molecular orientation perpendicular to the electrode surface (homeotropic alignment). In an arrangement between crossed polarizers, high-contrast ratios have been achieved with low voltages. This effect shows a high degree of non-linearity and thus permits the development of matrix displays without using additional non-linear elements.
Schiekel et al. (1971) studied this question.