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Enhancement of light extraction in a GaInN light-emitting diode (LED) employing a conductive omnidirectional reflector (ODR) consisting of GaN, an indium-tin oxide (ITO) nanorod low-refractive-index layer, and an Ag layer is presented. An array of ITO nanorods is deposited on p-type GaN by oblique-angle electron-beam deposition. The refractive index of the nanorod ITO layer is 1.34 at 461nm, significantly lower than that of dense ITO layer, which is n=2.06. The GaInN LEDs with GaN∕low-n ITO/Ag ODR show a lower forward voltage and a 31.6% higher light-extraction efficiency than LEDs with Ag reflector. This is attributed to enhanced reflectivity of the ODR that employs the low-n ITO layer.
Kim et al. (2005) studied this question.