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In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films were reinforced with lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNFs) extracted from bamboo shoot shells using a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES). A filler loading of 10 wt% was identified as the optimal condition for enhancing film performance. To improve interfacial compatibility between the PVA matrix and LCNFs, three surface modification treatments were applied to the nanofibers: hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolysis, citric acid (CA) crosslinking, and a dual modification combining both methods (HCl&CA). Among all formulations, films incorporating dual-modified LCNF at 10 wt% loading exhibited the most significant improvements. Compared to neat PVA, these composites showed a 79.2% increase in tensile strength, a 15.1% increase in elongation at break, and a 33.1% enhancement in Young's modulus. Additionally, thermal stability and barrier properties were improved, while water swelling and solubility were reduced. Specifically, the modified films achieved a thermal residue of 9.21% and the lowest degradation rate of 10.81%/min. Water vapor transmission rate and oxygen permeability decreased by 18.8% and 18.6%, respectively, and swelling and solubility dropped to 14.26% and 3.21%. These results highlight the synergistic effect of HCl hydrolysis and CA crosslinking in promoting uniform filler dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion, offering an effective approach to valorizing bamboo shoot shell waste into high-performance, eco-friendly packaging materials.
Du et al. (2025) studied this question.