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We report high-resolution millimeter mapping with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer of rest-frame 335 micron continuum and CO (3-2) line emission from the z=2. 8 submillimeter galaxy SMMJ02399-0136. The continuum emission comes from a ~3" diameter structure whose elongation is approximately east-west and whose centroid is coincident within the astrometric errors with the brightest X-ray and rest-UV peak (L1). The line data show that this structure is most likely a rapidly rotating disk. Its rotation velocity of >420 km/s implies a total dynamical mass of >3x10¹1 solar masses within an intrinsic radius of 8 kpc, most of which is plausibly in the form of stars and gas. SMMJ02399-0136 is thus a very massive system, whose formation at z~3 is not easy to understand in current CDM hierarchical merger cosmogonies.
Genzel et al. (2003) studied this question.