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TiO2-(B) nanotubes show improved performances in Li-ion cells compared with lithium titanate spinels, but suffer from large irreversible capacity loss on the first charge/discharge cycle. By decoupling the bulk (intercalation) and the surface reactions of TiO2-(B) nanotube electrodes in Li cells, the major cause of the irreversible capacity loss is identified and its mitigation demonstrated by using chemical surface pretreatments.
Brutti et al. (2012) studied this question.