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The conversion efficiencies of organic photovoltaic devices have been improved by a factor of 4–5 by introducing a large surface-area interface between the donor and acceptor layers. Stratified films of a fullerene-based acceptor (see Figure) were spin-coated on top of a donor (MDMO-PPV), forming a diffuse interface with unusual morphology that displayed high energy-conversion efficiencies.
Chen et al. (2000) studied this question.
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