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Barlow's Introduction to Criminology is a comprehensive introduction to crime, criminality, and societal responses from a sociological perspective. Strong coverage of historical trends is a key feature of the text, allowing students to examine recent events within a context of social change. This edition has been updated throughout with current information and examples to reflect society's changing response to criminal behavior, including new coverage of small business crime, motorcycle gangs, community policing, AIDS in prison, and the theories behind intelligence and crime and female crime.
Humphrey et al. (1988) studied this question.