A positive Gold Standards Framework score independently predicted non-cardiovascular adverse events at 1 year (OR 4) compared to a negative score in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes.
Cohort (n=156)
No
Does a positive Gold Standards Framework (GSF) status predict cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes?
The Gold Standards Framework (GSF) score independently predicts non-cardiovascular events in patients presenting with ACS and may aid in treatment decision-making alongside traditional cardiovascular risk scores.
Odds Ratio: 4 (95% CI 2.1–8)
Absolute Event Rate: 27.3% vs 6.7%
p-value: p=0.009
INTRODUCTION: Elderly patients with coexisting frailty and multiple comorbidities frequently present to the emergency department (ED). Because non-cardiovascular comorbidities and declining health status may affect their life expectancy, management of these patients should start in the ED. This study evaluated the role of Gold Standards Framework (GSF) criteria for identifying patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) approaching end of life. METHODS: All consecutive patients admitted to the ED and hospitalised with a diagnosis of ACS between May 2012 and July 2012 were included. According to GSF criteria, patients were labelled as positive GSF status when they met at least one general criterion and two heart disease criteria; furthermore, traditional cardiovascular risk scores (the Global Registry for Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score and the Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction (ACEF) score) were calculated and WHOQOL-BREF was assessed. Mortality and repeat hospitalisation due to cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes were evaluated at 3-month and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: From a total of 156 patients with ACS enrolled, 22 (14%) had a positive GSF. A positive GSF was associated with higher rate of non-cardiovascular events (22.7% vs 6.7%; p=0.03) at 3 months and higher rates of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events (36% vs 16.4%; p=0.04 and 27.3% vs 6.7%; p=0.009, respectively) at 12 months. In multivariate analysis, an in-hospital GRACE score was a predictor of cardiovascular events, while a positive GSF independently predicted non-cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: The GSF score independently predicts non-cardiovascular events in patients presenting with ACS and may be used along with traditional cardiovascular risk scores in choosing wisely the most appropriate treatment. The present results need to be externally validated on larger samples.
Moretti et al. (2015) conducted a cohort in Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (n=156). Positive Gold Standards Framework (GSF) status vs. Negative GSF status was evaluated on Non-cardiovascular events (non-cardiovascular death, rehospitalisation for non-cardiovascular diagnosis) at 1 year (OR 4, 95% CI 2.1-8, p=0.009). A positive Gold Standards Framework score independently predicted non-cardiovascular adverse events at 1 year (OR 4) compared to a negative score in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes.