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Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells while removing the waste. It also possesses a hemostasis function to prevent excessive bleeding. However, abnormal clot formation (thrombosis) within healthy blood vessels can lead to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism. This review explores anticoagulants, their historical aspects, current clinical applications, and future trends. Anticoagulants play a critical role in preventing and treating thrombosis by interfering with different stages of blood clotting. The journey began with heparin, a rapidly acting injectable medication discovered in 1916. The introduction of warfarin in the 1950s revolutionized anticoagulation by offering long-term oral regimens. Today, anticoagulants are crucial for managing conditions like deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, especially in an aging population with a rising prevalence of thrombotic complications. Three main types of anticoagulants are used today: vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), injectable heparins, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Despite advancements, managing anticoagulant therapy remains complex due to individual patient variability, the need for regular monitoring, and the delicate balance between preventing thrombosis and bleeding risks. Emerging trends include the development of factor XIa inhibitors, which promise more targeted thrombosis prevention with potentially lower bleeding risks. This review highlights the ongoing innovation in anticoagulant development, the need for precise management, and potential future avenues like factor XIa inhibitors. Additionally, artificial intelligence holds promise for improving patient outcomes and addressing the complexities of thrombotic disease management by personalizing therapy and reducing bleeding risks.
Kholmukhamedov et al. (2025) studied this question.