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A solid-state electrochromic device using 3-D conducting fluorinated tin oxide nanobeads (roughness factor >500) as electrodes enables fast electron transport and concentrates the voltage drop at the interfaces. This method reduces the driving voltage to 0.9 V and the response time to ∼272 ms, far exceeding the performance of conventional 2-D flat FTO film-based counterparts.
Jiang et al. (2013) studied this question.