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Self-powered wearable systems for biomechanical energy harvesting and motion monitoring are highly desirable for sports training and rehabilitation. Herein, a hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator is developed by integrating a Poly(vinyl alcohol)–MXene@carbon nanotube–deep eutectic solvent conductive hydrogel electrode into a single-electrode triboelectric configuration. Owing to the flexible conductive network and DES-regulated hydrogel structure, the PC-TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage of 82.7 V, a short-circuit current of 10.9 μA, a transferred charge of 28.1 nC, and a maximum output power of 129.9 μW. The device also shows stable output under varying humidity, temperature, and prolonged operation. As a proof-of-concept application, the PC-TENG is integrated into a wearable self-powered sensing system for sports-motion monitoring, demonstrating distinguishable motion-related signal responses and the potential for posture monitoring and biomechanical feedback. This work provides a promising strategy for hydrogel-enabled triboelectric wearable systems with balanced output performance, environmental adaptability, and application potential in intelligent sports monitoring.
Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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