In this position paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of artificial intelligence from pre-trained language models to agentic AI systems designed for autonomous intelligence. This evolution is structured across seven technical stages, beginning with the transformer architecture and Mixture of Experts (MoE), and extending through instruction fine-tuning, reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and tool integration. We particularly emphasize the transition to agent-based systems, including single-agent autonomy and collaborative multi-agent workflows. We highlight the role of recent architectural frameworks such as AutoGen, LangGraph, CrewAI, and CodeAct in enabling planning, tool invocation, and inter-agent communication. In particular, we distinguish two critical paradigms: (i) tool-augmented single-agent reasoning and (ii) distributed multi-agent orchestration. We discuss key architectural challenges such as coordination complexity, traceability, and scalability, and propose deployment strategies suited for constrained environments. This work offers a foundational perspective on the architectural shift toward autonomous, goal-driven AI systems.
Anis Koubâa (Tue,) studied this question.