This study explores the spiritual thoughts of Imām al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (642–728 CE), a seminal figure in early Islamic piety and asceticism whose teachings laid the intellectual and ethical foundations for later developments in Sufism and Islamic theology. Through a descriptive analysis of his sermons, aphorisms, and theological reflections, the research highlights five central dimensions of al-Ḥasan’s spirituality: asceticism (zuhd), the balance of fear (khawf) and hope (rajāʾ), purification of the heart (tazkiyah), social responsibility, and his lasting legacy in Islamic mysticism. Al-Ḥasan’s teachings emphasize detachment from the material world, constant self-accountability, and a profound awareness of the Hereafter. He urged believers to live with sincerity, humility, and ethical commitment, qualities he believed were inseparable from true devotion. Moreover, his vocal engagement with political authority and insistence on justice and moral leadership positioned him as a reformative voice in a period of growing social inequality. Drawing from both classical Islamic sources and contemporary scholarly interpretations, this study argues that al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī’s spiritual thought offers a timeless model of integrated piety combining inward purification with outward responsibility and continues to inspire ethical and spiritual renewal in the Muslim tradition.
Mohideen et al. (Sat,) studied this question.