Applications of Biochar in Fuel and Feedstock Substitution: A Review

With the continuous growth of global energy consumption and the advancement of carbon reduction targets, the development of low-carbon and renewable energy resources has become a central focus in energy science research. As the only renewable carbon source, biomass exhibits significant application potential in future energy and resource systems due to its widespread availability, carbon neutrality, and environmental friendliness. Biochar, the primary solid product generated during biomass pyrolysis, is characterized by its high energy density, excellent thermal stability, and abundant porous structure. It has been increasingly regarded as a promising substitute for conventional fossil-based fuels and feedstocks. In this study, VOSviewer was employed to identify representative applications of biochar in energy systems. Particular attention is given to its roles in fossil fuel substitution and raw material replacement. By summarizing recent research progress, this review aims to provide theoretical support and technical references for the large-scale and efficient utilization of biochar.