The future of the European Union will be shaped by the intersection of three powerful forces: demographic transformation, technological innovation and evolving legal frameworks. This article explores how these trends will redefine the economic, social and legal landscape of Europe by mid-century. It highlights the demographic paradox facing Europe – a shrinking and ageing population contrasted with rapid global growth, especially in Africa – and its far-reaching implications for the labour market, welfare systems and social cohesion. The analysis highlights the role of legal instruments, such as the EU Platform Work Directive and the Artificial Intelligence Act, as examples of anticipatory governance, reflecting the Union's efforts to address structural challenges through forward-looking regulation. The article also examines how urbanisation, environmental risks and shifting social values will contribute to a redefinition of the European social model. The conclusion positions demographic change as the EU’s third major transformation, alongside the green and digital transitions, arguing for an integrated policy response grounded in inclusive growth, legal innovation and intergenerational justice.
Gertruda Uścińska (Mon,) studied this question.
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