Plastic pollution remains a critical environmental challenge, with global plastic production surpassing 430 million tonnes annually and only 9% effectively recycled. Rapid urbanisation and outdated waste infrastructure have intensified inefficiencies in collection, sorting, and recycling, resulting in significant plastic leakage into ecosystems and risks to human health. To address these systemic issues, this study examines how smart technologies can modernise plastic waste management systems to align with circular economy goals. Focusing on the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, blockchain, and mobile applications, it highlights how sensor-equipped bins enable real-time monitoring, AI-driven robotics enhance sorting precision, and blockchain ensures transparent material traceability. Mobile platforms also support citizen participation and accountability in waste behaviours. Drawing from global case studies, the paper identifies measurable outcomes such as increased recycling rates, reduced contamination, and optimised logistics. The study provides a structured assessment of scalable digital interventions, offering practical insights for municipal authorities, urban planners, and policymakers seeking to achieve SDG 11 and 12 targets by 2030.
Ikenna et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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