The article examines the prospects for the introduction of innovative rail rolling stock for railways and urban transport in the world. The innovative solutions used by manufacturers in the latest rail transport technologies are analysed, with an emphasis on their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to environmentally friendly modes of transport. An overview of the most relevant trends and technologies, such as: Maglev (magnetic levitation); electrification and renewable energy sources; introduction of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, that is, intelligent maintenance and digital transformation, use of artificial intelligence to predict the technical condition of equipment. For example, technologies such as the Internet of Things allow containers to be equipped with smart sensors that collect and transmit data in real time. This makes it possible to track many parameters, including: the location of the container using GPS, temperature and humidity inside refrigerated containers, the condition of the cargo, the level of vibration or light (which may indicate an attempt to open the cargo) and much more information necessary for traffic safety. This transparency allows shippers and carriers to respond to any deviations in a timely manner. The article also highlights the integration of artificial intelligence in the management of passenger flows in urban rail transport. Models that combine graph neural networks allow for accurate forecasting of passenger flows in urban rail transport. And also, environmental innovations, i.e., transition from diesel to hybrid autonomous trains. One of the most promising areas for overcoming these challenges is the development of hydrogen and hybrid technologies. The use of hydrogen technologies in railway transport is becoming increasingly popular among the world's leading companies seeking to reduce CO2 emissions and increase energy efficiency. This mode of transport demonstrates significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and gradually replacing diesel locomotives.
Hladkykh et al. (Wed,) studied this question.