Contamination to Prevention: Addressing Microbial Pollution in Water Sources across Rainy and Dry Seasons in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Nigeria

Background: Waterborne diseases remain a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries where access to safe water is limited. Seasonal changes can significantly influence microbial contamination levels in water sources, increasing risks to human health. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of water sources in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area (LGA), Nigeria, during the rainy and dry seasons, and to identify the prevalence of key waterborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from five rivers (Ikpe, Ologbo, Ossiomo, Uteh, and Ikpoba), five wells, and eight boreholes across eight communities. Two samples were obtained from each river, five from wells, and eight from boreholes in both seasons. Standard microbiological methods were used to detect and quantify Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus species. Results: High levels of microbial contamination were observed. Salmonella and Shigella were detected in 8 of 10 samples, while E. coli was widespread, with higher counts in the dry season. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed seasonal variation, with S. aureus more prevalent in the rainy season. V. cholerae and Proteus species were also present with fluctuating seasonal patterns. Conclusion: Water sources in Ikpoba Okha LGA are significantly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, posing a serious public health risk. There is an urgent need for regular water quality monitoring, improved sanitation infrastructure, and targeted community health interventions to reduce waterborne disease transmission.