Legal protection for victims of threats and the unauthorized dissemination of personal data by debt collectors constitutes a critical issue in the digital era, where debt collection practices frequently infringe upon individual privacy and dignity. This study analyzes legal protection under Indonesian positive law, with particular reference to Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, the Criminal Code, and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK). It further examines the issue from the perspective of Islamic criminal law, focusing on the principles of ghasb, tahdīd, and ifsyā’ al-asrār, as well as taʿzīr sanctions. Employing a normative juridical research method with a comparative legal approach, the study finds that while positive law offers comprehensive regulatory instruments, its effectiveness is hindered by implementation challenges. In contrast, Islamic criminal law demonstrates greater flexibility and prioritizes social restoration. The study concludes that integrating Islamic legal values into the positive legal framework can provide more comprehensive protection for victims, encompassing legal-formal safeguards, moral considerations, and social welfare.
Camelia et al. (Mon,) studied this question.