Abstract We study the synchronised behaviour of the inertial Kuramoto oscillators with frustration effect under a symmetric and connected network. Due to the lack of second-order gradient flow structure and singularity of second-order derivative of diameter, we shift to construct convex combinations of oscillators and related new energy functions that can control the phase and frequency diameters. Under sufficient frameworks on initial data and system parameters, we derive first-order dissipative differential inequalities of constructed energy functions. This eventually gives rise to the emergence of frequency synchronisation exponentially fast.
Zhu et al. (Tue,) studied this question.