A lack of freshwater has become a major issue worldwide, worsened by the changing climate. Desalination is recognized as a way to make potable water, though complaints persist about its high cost, energy inefficiency, and environmental risks. This research looks at desalination in Dubai, UAE; Victoria, Australia; California, USA; and Mumbai, India; focusing on their approaches in terms of technology, money, and environmental impact. By looking at these regions, the research finds what works best in each area, placing weight on using renewable energy, lowering costs, and managing brine safely. The findings suggest that using reverse osmosis and solar power with modern brine management methods lowers environmental impact and makes the process more economically viable. The study recommends a way to improve desalination in India by using solar and wind energy to cut back on fossil fuel use and protect the environment. This work helps advance desalination's sustainability and affordability in different areas.
Samiksha Singhania (Sun,) studied this question.