Academic freedom is a fundamental component of quality higher education, enabling critical thinking, innovation, and independent research. However, its realization is often constrained by legal ambiguities, political interference, and institutional governance challenges. This study examines the legal aspects of academic freedom and their impact on the quality of education in higher education institutions. Using a multidimensional framework and a mixed-methods approach, the research examines how legal protections, institutional policies, and governance structures affect academic autonomy in teaching, research, and institutional development. Findings reveal a disconnect between legal provisions and their implementation, with vague laws, politicized university management, and limited accountability mechanisms undermining academic freedom. Institutional policies often fail to align with national legal frameworks, creating gaps in protection and leaving academics vulnerable to censorship and disciplinary action. The study concludes that reinforcing legal and institutional safeguards is essential to ensuring academic freedom and, by extension, enhancing the quality and relevance of higher education. Recommendations include harmonizing legal and institutional policies, establishing clear accountability mechanisms, and promoting transparent governance structures. Strengthening the legal basis for academic freedom is key to fostering intellectual growth, institutional integrity, and meaningful societal contributions.
Isa et al. (Thu,) studied this question.