Accurately identifying surrounding rock failure modes and designing matching support systems are critical to the safety of deep-earth and underground space engineering. We develop a graded classification scheme based on the rock strength-to-stress ratio and the Stress Reduction Factor (SRF) to quantify failure types and guide support design. Within the convergence–confinement method (CCM) framework, we establish analytical models for shotcrete, rock bolts, steel arches, and composite support systems, enabling parameterized calculations of stiffness, load-bearing capacity, and equilibrium conditions. We conduct single-factor sensitivity analyses to reveal how the Geological Strength Index (GSI), burial depth (H), and equivalent tunnel radius (R0) govern the evolution of surrounding rock pressure and deformation. We propose targeted reinforcement strategies that address large-deformation and high-stress instabilities in practice by linking observed or predicted failure modes to specific support schemes. A large-deformation case study verifies that the proposed parameterized design method accurately predicts the equilibrium support pressure and radial deformation, and the designed support scheme markedly reduces convergence. Accordingly, this study provides a practical tool for tunnel support parameter design and an analytical platform for safe, reliable, and efficient decision making for initial support.
Wang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.