Abstract This paper establishes transmission pathways for amplitude-frequency coupling in voltage dynamics within renewable-rich power systems under active/reactive power disturbances. By integrating multi-timescale interactions among synchronous generators (SGs), grid-forming converters (GFMs), and load self-regulation, we derive: bidirectional voltage-frequency coupling mechanisms where low-voltage conditions suppress low-frequency instabilities during active power deficits, while low-frequency dynamics mitigate overvoltage during reactive power surplus; and technology-specific coupling characteristics where GFMs emulate SG electromechanics through virtual inertia/excitation while exhibiting converter-specific dynamics. IEEE 9-bus simulations validate these pathways, demonstrating consistent alignment between predicted and observed transient interactions. This framework provides a foundation for stability analysis in power-electronics-dominated grids.
Zhuo et al. (Mon,) studied this question.