Advances of Functional Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Oral Diseases

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted growing attention in the field of oral medicine due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, adjustable surface chemistry, and exceptional biocompatibility. In recent years, a variety of 2D materials, including graphene-based nanomaterials, black phosphorus nanosheets, MXenes, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and polymer-based nanosheets, have been extensively explored for the treatment of oral diseases. These functional materials demonstrate multiple therapeutic capabilities, such as antibacterial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, anti-inflammatory modulation, and promotion of tissue regeneration. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent advances of 2D nanomaterials in the treatment of common oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, oral cancer and peri-implantitis. The underlying therapeutic mechanisms are also summarized. Challenges for clinical translation of these nanomaterials and the possible solutions are discussed as well.