The application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has revolutionized sectors such as food production, livestock, medicine, biotechnology, and industry. Increasing pressures from climate change, population growth, and global food demand have accelerated the adoption of GMOs. Despite more than three decades of research and proven safety, the acceptance of GMOs is still hampered by public concerns and stringent regulatory frameworks. This review aims to explore the ongoing challenges in accepting GMOs, their safety, the reasons behind regulatory barriers, and the emergence of alternative sustainable technologies, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key findings indicate that despite GMOs being scientifically validated as safe, resistance to their acceptance persists due to variations in international standards, religious concerns, and ethical debates. The lack of harmonized halal certification and global consensus has led to adoption and market segmentation delays. A balanced approach, based on science, transparent regulation, and halal integrity, is critical for the responsible use of GMOs in line with the SDGs.
Yedi Herdiana (Tue,) studied this question.