Two-Dimensional Materials and Related Heterostructures for Ion-Batteries

Abstract As of now, two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained huge attention for energy storage applications due to their unique structural and electrochemical properties. More than 1000 articles have been published focusing on various phases and heterostructures of 2D materials with experimental and computational investigations in energy related applications. Exploration of two-dimensional materials in ion batteries is growing rapidly, as their layered structure and surface chemistry provide new avenues for enhancing charge storage and transport. This review provides a systematic analysis of emerging 2D materials-including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, borophene, and MXenes-along with their heterostructures, examining their unique properties and technological potential, outlining their key benefits and drawbacks for use in ion batteries. In addition, we have also reviewed essential fundamental mechanisms governing ion diffusion, intercalation, and storage within two-dimensional materials, elucidating their role in enhancing battery performance metrics viz., capacity, life-span, and fast charging/discharging. This review provides the depth understanding on basic parameters require to design the affordable systems for ion-batteries especially with high storage ability. The future directions and potential avenues for leveraging two-dimensional materials to advance the next generation ion batteries, including emerging trends such as solid-state and sodium-ion batteries have also been clearly presented in this article.