Influence of echo time on pulmonary ventilation and perfusion derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI using multi‐echo ultrashort echo time acquisition

Abstract Non‐contrast enhanced 1 H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is promising for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) assessment of the lung but the influence of the echo time (TE) on V/Q parameters is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different TEs on pulmonary V/Q parameters derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI using a multi‐echo ultrashort TE (UTE) acquisition. A 2D multi‐echo UTE sequence with radial center out readout and tiny golden angle increment was developed. Forty‐eight participants were enrolled in this study: 25 healthy subjects, six patients with asthma, and 17 patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Participants underwent two acquisitions of 2D multi‐echo UTE MRI with three TEs per acquisition (TE 1–6 : 0.07, 0.82, 1.72, 2.47, 3.37, and 4.12 ms). Regional ventilation (RVent), flow‐volume loop cross‐correlation metric (FVL‐CM), and normalized perfusion‐weighted signal (QN) maps were calculated. V/Q defect percentages (VDP/QDP) were determined. To assess repeatability, the measurement was repeated in healthy subjects. Median and interquartile range of RVent, FVL‐CM, QN, VDP, and QDP were calculated. To assess significant differences between parameters obtained at different TEs, Friedman's test and Dunnett's test were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients between RVent derived at TE 1 and the difference in RVent between TE 2,3 and TE 1 were calculated. For repeatability assessment, coefficient of variation (CoV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were determined. Significant differences were found comparing V/Q parameters obtained at TE 3–6 compared to TE 1 . CoV increased with TE. For ICC, values between 0.35 (QDP at TE 1 ) and 0.83 (VDP RVent at TE 2 ) were obtained for T 1,2 . Statistically significant differences for ventilation and perfusion parameters derived by PREFUL were found for TE 3–6 compared to TE 1 . All V/Q parameters were well repeatable for TE 1–2 . With increasing TE and respiratory volume, RVent shows a T2*‐dependency leading to biased ventilation assessment compared to TE 1 .