The pathway of social support in enhancing adolescents’ physical fitness: The mediating roles of physical activity and self-efficacy

Purpose Utilising Welk’s Youth Physical Activity Promotion (YPAP) model as a foundational framework, this study investigates the intricate interplay of social support, physical activity (PA), and self-efficacy in relation to physical fitness within the context of Chinese culture. The primary objective is to identify the nuanced dynamics among social support, self-efficacy, PA, and physical fitness to enhance adolescent well-being and fitness. Methodology The study employed a convenience sampling method, engaging 123 adolescents aged 18–21, of which 67 were females (54.47%), and 56 were males (45.53%). Data were collected through structured questionnaires focusing on the identified variables. Results Our study revealed significant positive associations among social support, self-efficacy, PA, and physical fitness, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.282 to 0.419. Notably, a discernible gender disparity emerged, with females exhibiting higher levels of physical fitness. Among the key determinants of adolescent physical fitness, self-efficacy emerged as the most influential, followed by PA and gender. Utilising structural equation modelling and regression techniques, we discerned that social support indirectly influences physical fitness, primarily mediated by self-efficacy and the level of physical activity. Discussion This study provides insight into how social support impacts adolescent physical fitness. We found that social support strongly predicts both PA and self-efficacy, and self-efficacy significantly boosts PA, ultimately leading to improved physical fitness. Both self-efficacy and PA serve as mediators in the relationship between social support and fitness. Therefore, interventions should prioritise reinforcing social support, promoting PA, and nurturing self-efficacy to optimise adolescent physical fitness outcomes.