Chitinase 3–like-1 Inhibits Innate Antitumor and Tissue Remodeling Immune Responses by Regulating CD47-SIRPα– and CD24-Siglec10–Mediated Phagocytosis

Abstract Innate immune responses such as phagocytosis are critically linked to the generation of adaptive immune responses against the neoantigens in cancer and the efferocytosis that is essential for homeostasis in diseases characterized by lung injury, inflammation, and remodeling as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chitinase 3–like-1 (CHI3L1) is induced in many cancers where it inhibits adaptive immune responses by stimulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICPs) and portends a poor prognosis. CHI3L1 is also induced in COPD where it regulates epithelial cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that pulmonary melanoma metastasis inhibits macrophage phagocytosis by stimulating the CD47-SIRPα and CD24-Siglec10 phagocytosis checkpoint pathways while inhibiting macrophage “eat me” signals from calreticulin and HMGB1. We also demonstrate that these effects on macrophage phagocytosis are associated with CHI3L1 stimulation of the SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases and inhibition of the accumulation and phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-regulating nonmuscle myosin IIa. This inhibition of innate immune responses such as phagocytosis provides a mechanistic explanation for the ability of CHI3L1 to stimulate ICPs and inhibit adaptive immune responses in cancer and diseases such as COPD. The ability of CHI3L1 to simultaneously inhibit innate immune responses, stimulate ICPs, inhibit T cell costimulation, and regulate a number of other oncogenic and inflammation pathways suggests that CHI3L1-targeted therapeutics are promising interventions in cancer, COPD, and other disorders.