Duration of Morning Hyperinsulinemia Determines Hepatic Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Storage Later in the Day

The second meal phenomenon refers to the improvement in glucose tolerance seen following a second identical meal. We previously showed that 4 hours of morning hyperinsulinemia, but not hyperglycemia, enhanced hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) and glycogen storage during an afternoon hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic (HIHG) clamp. Our current aim was to determine if the duration or pattern of morning hyperinsulinemia is important for the afternoon response to a HIHG clamp. To determine this, we administered the same total amount of insulin either over 2h in the first (Ins2h-A) or second (Ins2h-B) half of the morning, or over the entire 4h (Ins4h) of the morning. In the 4h afternoon period, all three groups had 4x-basal insulin, 2x-basal glycemia, and portal glucose infusion to expose the liver to the primary postprandial regulators of hepatic glucose metabolism. During the afternoon clamp, there was a marked increase in HGU and hepatic glycogen synthesis in the Ins4h group compared to the Ins2h-A and Ins2h-B groups, despite matched hepatic glucose loads and total insulin infusion rates. Thus, the longer duration (Ins4h) of lower hyperinsulinemia in the morning seems to be the key to much greater liver glucose uptake during the afternoon clamp.