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Extraction is the process of separating desired compounds from a mixture using a solvent. The efficiency of extraction is influenced by several factors. This review delves into the intricate realm of extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, examining the driving factors critical for obtaining enriched extracts with enhanced medicinal efficacy. The exploration begins with the strategic selection of medicinal plants, incorporating insights from ethnopharmacology and chemo taxonomy. Further considerations include understanding the influence of plant components, secondary metabolites and the impact of plant states (fresh or dried) on the extraction process. Processing techniques, such as various drying methods, are pivotal in shaping the chemical composition and bioactivity of the final extracts. Particle size optimisation, extraction duration and matrix characteristics of phytoconstituents within the inert solid matrix emerge as integral factors. Solvent diffusion is explored for its influence on mass transfer, extraction kinetics and solute accessibility. The choice of solvent, considering its polarity, boiling point and compatibility with extraction methods, plays a crucial role in shaping the bioactive profile of the extract. The review addresses the solvent-to-solid ratio's impact on extraction efficiency, yield and solvent consumption, emphasizing the delicate balance needed for optimisation. Physical treatments during extraction, including methods like Soxhlet, maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, are examined for their distinct advantages and critical parameter. In essence, a comprehensive understanding and strategic manipulation of these driving factors determine the success of obtaining bioactive enriched extracts. Researchers, practitioners and industries engaged in medicinal plant extraction can leverage this knowledge to unlock the full therapeutic potential of nature's Pharmacopoeia. This review definitely serves as a valuable guide, ensuring not only the efficiency of the extraction process but also the quality and richness of the bioactive extracts obtained.
Ramesh et al. (Thu,) studied this question.