Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Patient 1, an otherwise well 25-year-old man presented with an itchy rash of 15 months duration on his groin and thighs, with no systemic symptoms (Box, A). He had arrived in Australia as a refugee from Afghanistan via Pakistan 12 months previously. He was twice prescribed terbinafine 1% cream and had also self-medicated using topical clotrimazole and 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate with little benefit. In the past two months, he had been commenced on oral fluconazole 150 mg weekly by his general practitioner, with some improvement of the truncal rash but with persistence in the groin and thigh. A urease-negative Trichophyton species was cultured from skin scrapings, which was referred to a reference laboratory for further identification (Box, B and C). Trichophyton indotineae was identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA genes.1 Antifungal susceptibility testing showed a minimum inhibitory concentration to itraconazole of 0.06 mg/L (Supporting Information). Oral itraconazole was prescribed for eight weeks with significant improvement. We have since isolated T. indotineae from another patient (Patient 2) from Sri Lanka at our refugee health clinic who has yet to commence treatment. Dermatophyte infections are common, affecting 20–25% of the population worldwide.2 The skin, hair and nails are the most frequently involved. The fungi causing infection (dermatophytes) rarely cause invasive disease, and infections are managed in the Australian outpatient setting, usually by general practitioners and dermatologists. Trichophyton species cause the majority of dermatomycoses.2 Recently, difficult-to-treat cases of tinea corporis (body), cruris (groin and pubic region), and faciei (face), characterised by extensive, inflammatory plaques, have been reported, caused by a newly recognised species T. indotineae (previously T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII), which is frequently (up to 76%) terbinafine-resistant.3-5 Large disease outbreaks were first described across the Indian subcontinent, but cases have now spread globally, including in patients with no travel history, highlighting local human-to-human transmission.5-8 Both our patients were migrants from countries in geographic proximity to India, which is one of the top ten destination countries for Australian residents returning from overseas.9 These data indicate the potential for further importation of this infection into Australia. Indeed, T. indotineae (labelled as the sexual stage, Arthroderma benhamiae), was first described in Australia in 2008, after identification of an isolate without accompanying clinical details.10 To our knowledge, there have been no other reports of T. indotineae infection from Australia. The T. indotineae global outbreak has been attributed in part to the availability of topical antifungal preparations containing terbinafine in combination with potent corticosteroids such as clobetasol.5 In Australia, terbinafine is the recommended first line agent for topical and systemic treatment for all forms of tinea.11 Topical terbinafine is available without prescription in commercial pharmacies. Multiple surveys in aged care have shown inappropriate and increased use of topical antifungal agents with prolonged duration and as-required prescriptions.12 Although the diagnosis of tinea is made clinically, these cases highlight the importance of a laboratory diagnosis by culture, to confirm the presence of infection and accurately identify the causative pathogen, especially in patients with treatment-refractory infection. Trichophyton spp. and other dermatophytes are slow growing (two to four weeks), which can dissuade clinicians from requesting laboratory testing. However, culture-based diagnosis remains the cornerstone of diagnosis. Definitive identification of the cultured isolate requires sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA genes, available at a number of mycology reference laboratories. Some Australian laboratories have transitioned to molecular polymerase chain reaction based testing, which affords a more rapid turnaround time and increased sensitivity.13 However, the most widely used assay (Dermatophytes and other Fungi, AusDiagnostics) cannot currently differentiate T. indotineae from other members of the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex. This highlights the complementary nature of culture and molecular-based methods in fungal diagnostics. Culture also has the advantage of providing an isolate for susceptibility testing, which is not routinely undertaken in Australia as drug-resistant dermatophyte infections have been rare. Currently, there are no defined clinical breakpoints to allow categorisation of "susceptible" or "resistant" or epidemiological cutoff values.6 Although we did not perform in vitro susceptibility tests for terbinafine, itraconazole is the drug of choice for treating T. indotineae infection.6 Sequencing of the squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE) involved in terbinafine resistance may offer an alternative testing approach.14 Overall, because of these limitations in laboratory diagnosis and the absence of local guidelines, there is likely to be an underdiagnosis of T. indotineae infection, and surveillance studies are required to document the frequency of the infection and its treatment outcomes in the Australian setting. Clinicians and laboratories should be aware of T. indotineae infection and be alert to its possibility in the event of poor clinical response to terbinafine to ensure accurate mycological investigation. The patient provided written consent for publication. We thank the microbiology laboratory staff at Monash Pathology, and Rogan Lee from the Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology for his assistance with microscope photography. Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Melbourne, as part of the Wiley - The University of Melbourne agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians. No relevant disclosures. Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. A: Rash on the patient's thigh at presentation. B: Trichophyton indotineae culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar after ten days incubation at 30°C. Colonies are beige in colour with a white periphery, flat and granular (left); the reverse is light brown to yellow in colour (right). C: T. indotineae microscopic features (lactophenol cotton blue, 400x magnification), showing numerous spherical to pyriform microconidia together with spiral hyphae and occasional thin-walled macroconidia. Supporting Information Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Chua et al. (Tue,) studied this question.