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Hypoxia is a common feature of many solid tumors due to aberrant proliferation and angiogenesis that is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Most of the well-known hypoxia effects are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Identification of the long-lasting effects of hypoxia beyond the immediate HIF-induced alterations could provide a better understanding of hypoxia-driven metastasis and potential strategies to circumvent it. Here, we uncovered a hypoxia-induced mechanism that exerts a prolonged effect to promote metastasis. In breast cancer patient-derived circulating tumor cell lines and common breast cancer cell lines, hypoxia downregulated tumor-intrinsic type I IFN signaling and its downstream antigen presentation (AP) machinery in luminal breast cancer cells, via both HIF-dependent and HIF-independent mechanisms. Hypoxia induced durable IFN/AP suppression in certain cell types that was sustained after returning to normoxic conditions, presenting a "hypoxic memory" phenotype. Hypoxic memory of IFN/AP downregulation was established by specific hypoxic priming, and cells with hypoxic memory had an enhanced ability for tumorigenesis and metastasis. Overexpression of IRF3 enhanced IFN signaling and reduced tumor growth in normoxic, but not hypoxic, conditions. The histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat upregulated IFN targets and erased the hypoxic memory. These results point to a mechanism by which hypoxia facilitates tumor progression through a long-lasting memory that provides advantages for circulating tumor cells during the metastatic cascade. Significance: Long-term cellular memory of hypoxia leads to sustained suppression of tumor-intrinsic type I IFN signaling and the antigen presentation pathway that facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis. See related commentary by Purdy and Ford, p. 3125.
Iriondo et al. (Thu,) studied this question.