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LoRa networks represent a promising technology for Internet of Things applications due to their long range, low cost, and energy efficiency. However, their ALOHA-based access method and duty cycle restrictions can limit their scalability and reliability in high-density networks. To address such a challenge, this article proposes the autonomous time-slotted LoRa (ATS-LoRa), protocol that allows LoRaWAN nodes to autonomously determine their optimal transmission parameters without extensive downlink transmissions from the gateway. ATS-LoRa utilizes the geographical coordinates of the nodes and their gateway in a novel way to allow them to determine their appropriate transmission parameters, such as the spreading factor, the channel frequency, and the slot ID. ATS-LoRa performance is evaluated through extensive simulations under different operating conditions showing an average throughput of around 47 times better than the adaptive data rate algorithm of LoRaWAN protocol.
Alahmadi et al. (Wed,) studied this question.