A brief overview on the threat of zoonotic viruses

Background: Microbial agents such as viruses, bacteria or parasites are linked to zoonotic outbreaks. Zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans pose a major global burden on public health. Worryingly, recent decades have seen an increase in viral zoonotic outbreaks. Zoonotic viruses have the potential to cause pandemics leading to substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The intrinsic factors contributing to the pandemic potential of these viruses are manifold and interconnect in complex ways. Accelerating rates of globalization, urbanization and deforestation have led to the increased contact between humans and wild animals, creating fertile ground for zoonotic spillover events. In addition, climate change, behavior of vector species and intermittent host also had a pivotal role in the emergence and reemergence of viruses. Further, these viruses undergo rapid genetic changes and adapt to the new host which presents a dreadful challenge for surveillance process and detection. In addition, wildlife hunting and trade contributing to the virus spill over cannot be understated. Understanding the nature of zoonotic viruses and identifying the reservoir hosts is critical for predicting the risk of outbreak and evaluating the potential impact on human health. To lessen the likelihood of zoonotic virus-related epidemics/pandemics in the future, it is imperative to address this complex web of social, economic, and cultural elements. Further, proper surveillance mechanisms, active research, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, data sharing, and coordinated action are vital for effectively managing the challenges posed by zoonotic agents and reducing their burden on global health.