Literature Review: Permethrin Exposure in Workers: Utilizing Time Courses Profile of 3-Pba and Trans-Dcca for Biological Monitoring Assessment

Background. Permethrin is highly toxic to insects but not to mamals. In 2022, 82% of Indonesia's insecticides usage were permethrin-based, according to Agriculture Ministry. Meanwhile, 44% of Singkarak farmers overused permethrin. Recent studies proven its neurotoxic effects in human and carcinogenicity in animals. 3-PBA, cis and trans-DCCA in urine are currently used as biomonitoring of permethrin exposure. However, their utility is limited due to lack of specific metabolites and concerns for their variability results and sampling methods. Methods. Literature search used evidence-based databases based on “PICO” method. The author searched relevant articles using following databases: “PubMed”, “Scopus”, and “EMBASE”. Inclusion criteria comprised studies involving human study, productive age, non-pregnant, systematic reviews/meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, clinical trials, case control, cross sectional, and published in the last 10 years. Exclusion criteria included incomplete data, inaccessible full-text and non-english articles. Results. Based on three reviewed literatures, 3-PBA and trans-DCCA offer more reliable results with lower variability for biomonitoring of permethrin (detection rate consecutively for trans-DCCA and 3-PBA (94%;87%) and geometry mean values exceeding reference value (0.15 and 0.22 μmol mol−1 creatinine). For short-term exposure, a suggested sampling includes collecting urine voided prior to exposure, an end-of-shift on the day of exposure, and a first-morning void on the following day. For prolonged exposure, collecting spot urine voids at relevant time periods is advisable. Conclusion. 3-PBA and trans-DCCA in urine can be considered as biomarker for biomonitoring of permethrin exposure in workers. Different sampling method need to be tailored based on its pattern of permethrin exposure.