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Battery Management Systems (BMS) are essential for the efficient and safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). This paper investigates the critical role of BMS in managing the charging and discharging processes of EV batteries. It examines the technical functionalities of BMS, including state monitoring, state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation, cell balancing, and thermal management. The paper highlights how BMS contribute to extending battery life, enhancing safety, and improving overall vehicle performance. Additionally, it addresses the challenges associated with BMS technology, such as complexity, cost, real-time data processing, and scalability, and explores future prospects, including advanced algorithms, artificial intelligence, wireless BMS, and integration with smart grids.
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