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The evolution of smart grids has led to technological advances and a demand for more efficient and sustainable energy systems. However, the deployment of communication systems in smart grids has increased the threat of cyberattacks, which can result in power outages and disruptions. This paper presents a semi-supervised hybrid deep learning model that combines a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-based Stacked Autoencoder (AE-GRU) with anomaly detection algorithms, including Isolation Forest, Local Outlier Factor, One-Class SVM, and Elliptical Envelope. Using GRU units in both the encoder and decoder sides of the stacked autoencoder enables the effective capture of temporal patterns and dependencies, facilitating dimensionality reduction, feature extraction, and accurate reconstruction for enhanced anomaly detection in smart grids. The proposed approach utilizes unlabeled data to monitor network traffic and identify suspicious data flow. Specifically, the AE-GRU is performed for data reduction and extracting relevant features, and then the anomaly algorithms are applied to reveal potential cyberattacks. The proposed framework is evaluated using the widely adopted IEC 60870-5-104 traffic dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms standalone algorithms, with the AE-GRU-based LOF method achieving the highest detection rate. Thus, the proposed approach can potentially enhance the cybersecurity in smart grids by accurately detecting and preventing cyberattacks.
Harrou et al. (Wed,) studied this question.