Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Objective: The review aims to provide an overview of the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment methods of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Mechanism: The etiology of PCOS is multifaceted, intricately intertwined with genetic determinants, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, adrenal androgen excess, ethnic predilections, insulin resistance, persistent inflammatory cascades, lifestyle variables, non-coding RNA (ncRNA), and oxidative stress manifestations. Findings in Brief: Advances in PCOS research have led to updated diagnostic criteria that focus on irregular menstruation, along with the introduction of new treatments such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Additionally, innovative reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are showing promise in improving fertility outcomes for PCOS patients. Genetic and epigenetic studies are uncovering potential for personalized therapeutic interventions. Individuals with PCOS face increased risks of complications during pregnancy, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension and multiple gestation complications. Such advancements underscore the significance of precise diagnosis, personalized treatment approaches, and interdisciplinary collaboration in managing PCOS effectively. Conclusions: This review undertakes a comprehensive scrutiny of contemporary PCOS studies, illuminating its clinical manifestations, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and evolving treatment modalities. Advocating for a patient-centric, evidence-driven approach is imperative in mitigating the adversities associated with PCOS and fostering holistic well-being.