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Rehmannia glutinosa (also known as Chinese foxglove) is a perennial dicotyledonous herb, which plays an important role in traditional Chinese medicine. Its active ingredients have a wide range of pharmacological effects on the blood system, endocrine system, immune system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system (Zhang et al. 2008). In May 2022, leaf blight was observed on 45-day-old R. glutinosa in a seedling nursery in Jiaozuo City (35°01'44.20″N, 113°05'30.63″E), Henan Province, China with an approximate disease incidence up to 54% (~1,300 plants). Irregular brown lesion initially appeared on the tips of basal leaves, then progressed to the entire leaf causing leaf drying out (Supple. Fig. 1-A, B, C). The same symptoms appeared successively in the leaves from the base to the top of the plant, which eventually caused the whole plant to die. To identify the pathogen, eight symptomatic leaves were randomly collected from eight individual plants, and cut into small pieces (5 × 5 mm) at the border of lesions. The pieces were surface disinfected in 75% ethanol for 15 s, followed by 1% NaClO for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water three times, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in the dark for 3 days at 25℃. Finally, 12 purified isolates (DHY1-DHY12) were obtained by using single spore method. Leaves of R. glutinosa seedlings were inoculated with conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml), three plants were inoculated per isolate. Controls were treated with sterilized water. All inoculated and control plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 25℃ under 80 ± 10% humidity and a 8-h/16-h dark/light cycle. This experiment was repeated three times. After 5 days, similar symptoms to those of diseased leaves in the seedling nursery appeared on leaves inoculated with DHY4-DHY10, while plants inoculated with DHY1-DHY3, DHY11-DHY12, and the controls remained asymptomatic (Supple. Fig.1-D, E). The same fungi were re-isolated from diseased leaves, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The causal agents DHY4 to DHY10, showed similar morphology, which were morphologically identified as Aspergillus sp. (Visagie et al. 2014). Isolate DHY5 was selected for further study. On PDA plates, the colonies were covered with white velutinous mycelia (Supple. Fig.1-F). Conidia were ochre yellow and outwards concentric circles. Vesicles were globose, and about 20.1-26.6 μm in diameter (Supple. Fig.1-G). Conidiophore stipes were smooth walled and hyaline, with conidial heads radiating. The conidia were light yellow to orange, exudate clear to orange droplets. The conidia were (2.53-3.25) μm × (2.58-3.47) μm in diameter (n=50) (Supple. Fig.1-H). For further molecular identification, the ITS and TUB gene sequences were amplified with primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 and BT2a/BT2b (Glass and Donaldson. 1995), respectively. BLASTn searches of the ITS (PP355445) and TUB (PP382788) sequences showed 100% and 98.42% similarity to those of A. westerdijkiae (OP237108 and OP700424), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of ITS and TUB confirmed that the fungus was A. westerdijkiae, (Supple. Fig.2). A. westerdijkiae was mainly reported on its secondary metabolite ochratoxin A contamination of agricultural products, fruits, and various food products, such as coffee beans (Alvindia et al 2016), grapes (Díaz et al. 2009), oranges and fruit juice (Marino et al. 2009), etc. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. westerdijkiae causing leaf blight on R. glutinosa in China.
Yang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.