Chronicling menstrual cycle patterns across the reproductive lifespan with real-world data

Abstract The intricate hormonal and physiological changes of the menstrual cycle can influence health on a daily basis. Although prior studies have helped improve our understanding of the menstrual cycle, they often lack diversity in the populations included, sample size, and the span of reproductive and life stages. This paper aims to describe the dynamic differences in menstrual cycle characteristics and associated symptoms by age in a large global cohort of period-tracking application users. This work aims to contribute to our knowledge and understanding of female physiology at varying stages of reproductive aging. This cohort study included self-reported menstrual cycle and symptom information in a sample of Flo application users aged 18–55. Cycle and period length and their variability, and frequency of menstrual cycle symptom logs are described by the age of the user. Based on data logged by over 19 million global users of the Flo app, the length of the menstrual cycle and period show clear age-associated patterns. With higher age, cycles tend to get shorter (Cycle length: D D¯ = 1. 85 days, Cohen’s D = 0. 59) and more variable (Cycle length SD: D D¯ = 0. 42 days, Cohen’s D = 0. 09), until close to the chronological age (40–44) suggesting menopausal transition, when both cycles and periods become longer (Cycle length: D D¯ = 0. 86 days, t = 48. 85, Cohen’s D = 0. 26; Period length: D D¯ = 0. 08, t = 15. 6, Cohen’s D = 0. 07) and more variable (Cycle length SD: D D¯ = 2. 80 days, t = 111. 43, d = 0. 51; Period length SD: D D¯ = 0. 23 days, t = 67. 81, Cohen’s D = 0. 31). The proportion of individuals with irregular cycles was highest in participants aged 51–55 (44. 7%), and lowest in the 36–40 age group (28. 3%). The spectrum of common menstrual cycle-related symptoms also varies with age. The frequency of logging of cramps and acne is lower in older participants, while logs of headache, backache, stress, and insomnia are higher in older users. Other symptoms show different patterns, such as breast tenderness and fatigue peaking between the ages of 20–40, or mood swings being most frequently logged in the youngest and oldest users. The menstrual cycle and related symptoms are not static throughout the lifespan. Understanding these age-related differences in cycle characteristics and symptoms is essential in understanding how best to care for and improve the daily experience for menstruators across the reproductive life span.