The different dynamic influences of Typhoon Kalmaegi on two pre-existing anticyclonic ocean eddies

Abstract. Using multi-source observational data and GLORYS12V1 reanalysis data, we conduct a comparative analysis of different responses of two warm eddies, AE1 and AE2 in the northern South China Sea, to Typhoon Kalmaegi during September 2014. The findings of our research are as follows: (1) for horizontal distribution, the area and the sea surface temperature (SST) of AE1 and AE2 decrease by about 31 % (36 %) and 0.4 °C (0.6 °C). The amplitude, Rossby number (Ro = relative vorticity / Coriolis parameter) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) of AE1 increase by 1.3 cm (5.7 %), 1.4×10-2 (20.6 %) and 107.2 cm2 s−2 (49.2 %) after the typhoon, respectively, while AE2 weakens and the amplitude, Rossby number and EKE decrease by 3.1 cm (14.6 %), 1.6×10-2 (26.2 %) and 38.5 cm2 s−2 (20.2 %), respectively. (2) In the vertical direction, AE1 demonstrates enhanced convergence, leading to an increase in temperature and a decrease in salinity above 150 m. The response below the mixed-layer depth (MLD) is particularly prominent (1.3 °C). In contrast, AE2 experiences cooling and a decrease in salinity above the MLD. Below the MLD, it exhibits a subsurface temperature drop and salinity increase due to the upwelling of cold water induced by the suction effect of the typhoon. (3) The disparity in the responses of the two warm eddies can be attributed to their different positions relative to Typhoon Kalmaegi. Under the influence of negative wind stress curl outside the maximum wind radius (Rmax) of the typhoon, triggering negative Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and quasi-geostrophic adjustment of the eddy, the warm eddy AE1, with its center to the left of the typhoon's path, further enhances the converging sinking of the upper warm water, resulting in its intensification. On the other hand, the warm eddy AE2, situated closer to the center of the typhoon, weakens due to the cold suction caused by the strong positive wind stress curl within the typhoon's Rmax. The same polarity eddies may have different response to typhoons. The distance between eddies and typhoons, eddy intensity, and the background field need to be considered.