Neuromusculoskeletal modeling in health and disease

This opinion paper provides an overview of musculoskeletal modeling, revealing insights into muscle-tendon kinematics, forces, and joint contact forces during dynamic movements, thereby advancing our understanding of biomechanics. While subject-specific modeling poses challenges, emerging software tools enable rapid personalization of musculoskeletal geometry and motor control, enhancing physiological accuracy. Advanced predictive simulations and multi-scale modeling expand clinical applications, facilitating surgery outcomes prediction and movement modification for joint diseases. Collaborative interdisciplinary efforts are essential for overcoming challenges, refining workflows, and ultimately enhancing clinical treatment outcomes.