A nomogram based on neuron-specific enolase and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity for identifying cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

One in four individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience cognitive impairment (CI). However, few practical models integrating clinical and neuroimaging biomarkers have been developed to address CI in PD. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between circulating neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels, substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SNH), and cognitive function in PD and to develop a nomogram based on clinical and neuroimaging biomarkers for predicting CI in patients with PD.