Rare interstitial lung diseases in infants

The diagnosis of interstitial lung disease in infants (chILD) is challenging due to the fact that the differential range encompasses more than 200 variants of nosologies with an overall estimated prevalence of 1.6–46 per 100,000 according to several studies. Thus, chILDs are 10 times less common than in adults. The chILD disease spectrum differs significantly from that seen in older children and adults. Interest in the topic of chILD has increased over the past 20 years, as evidenced by the published results of numerous studies and reviews. Also, multidisciplinary groups and respiratory societies have been established, such as the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Research Collaboration for Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease (ERS CRC chILD-EU), the French National Reference Center for Rare Respiratory Diseases in Children (RESPIRARE), etc. This article discusses recent advances in the study and diagnosis of chILD, with a special focus on rare and ultra-rare types of chILD. In addition, the stages of the diagnostic search and the increasing role of computed tomography are discussed.