Molecular mechanism analyses of post‐traumatic epilepsy and hereditary epilepsy based on 10× single‐cell transcriptome sequencing technology

Abstract Background Single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis has been usually conducted on post‐traumatic epilepsy (PET) and hereditary epilepsy (HE) patients; however, the transcriptome of patients with traumatic temporal lobe epilepsy has rarely been studied. Materials and Methods Hippocampus tissues isolated from one patient with PTE and one patient with HE were used in the present study. Single cell isolates were prepared and captured using a 10× Genomics Chromium Single‐Cell 3′ kit (V3) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing system. Raw data were processed, and the cells were filtered and classified using the Seurat R package. Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection was used for visualization. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on a p ‐value ≤0.01 and log fold change (FC) ≥0.25. Gene Ontology (GO, http://geneontology.org/ ) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, www.genome.jp/kegg ) analyses were performed on the DEGs for enrichment analysis. Results The reads obtained from the 10× genomic platform for PTE and HE were 39.56 M and 30.08 M, respectively. The Q30 score of the RNA reads was >91.6%. After filtering, 7479 PTE cells and 9357 HE cells remained for further study. More than 96.4% of the reads were mapped to GRCh38/GRCm38. The cells were differentially distributed in two groups, with higher numbers of oligodendrocytes (6522 vs. 2532) and astrocytes (133 vs. 52), and lower numbers of microglial cells (2242 vs. 3811), and neurons (3 vs. 203) present in the HE group than in the PTE group. The DEGs in four cell clusters were identified, with 25 being in oligodendrocytes (13 upregulated and 12 downregulated), 87 in microglia cells (42 upregulated and 45 downregulated), 222 in astrocytes (115 upregulated and 107 downregulated), and 393 in neurons (305 upregulated and 88 downregulated). The genes MTND1P23 (downregulated), XIST (downregulated), and RPS4Y1 (upregulated) were commonly expressed in all four cell clusters. The DEGs in microglial cells and astrocytes were enriched in the IL‐17 signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study explored differences in cells found in a patient with PE compared to a patient with HE, and the transcriptome in the different cells was analyzed for the first time. Studying inflammatory and immune functions might be the best approach for investigating traumatic temporal lobe epilepsy in neurons.