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The AC tie-line model in power supply-demand and frequency analysis generally calculates the tie-line power flow only by the rotor angle deviation between control areas and the synchronizing torque coefficient. However, this model does not consider the damping of inter-area oscillation and instantaneous changes in tie-line power flow due to power supply-demand imbalance. Therefore, we propose an improved AC tie-line model considering these factors in this study.
Tokumitsu et al. (Sun,) studied this question.