Modulation of crustal and mantle flow systems by a heterogeneous cratonic root: Evidence from seismic azimuthal anisotropy analysis

In contrast to many prior studies that relied on station-averaged shear-wave splitting (SWS) measurements and sparsely distributed stations, this study takes advantage of the recent deployment of broadband seismic stations at intervals of less than 50 km to explore the intricate seismic azimuthal anisotropy between the dynamic Tibetan Plateau and the stable North China Craton. Our analysis encompasses 6,409 high-quality individual SWS measurements from 465 closely spaced stations located along the boundary of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and the western North China Craton. Notably, twenty of these stations show splitting parameters with a /2 periodicity based on azimuthal variations, indicating a complex double-layer horizontal anisotropy structure. The anisotropy of the upper layer is linked to ductile flow in the middle-to-lower crust originating from the Tibetan Plateau. This flow encounters the rigid lithosphere of the Alxa Block, leading to a bifurcation into northeastward and southeastward directions. The anisotropy in the lower layer, exhibiting fast orientations in an NW-SE direction, is consistent with the observed one-layered anisotropy and aligns with the absolute plate motion (APM) of the Eurasian plate. The coherence in the spatial distribution of splitting parameters indicates that the predominant source of observed anisotropy is asthenospheric flow. This mantle flow exhibits a southeastward orientation beneath the Alxa block, transitioning to an almost eastward direction along the thinner lithospheric passage between the Ordos and Sichuan cratonic keels. This pattern unveils the influence of cratonic edges in modulating localized mantle flow systems.