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October 11, 2025Open Access

The Evolution Of Large Language Models: A Comparative Survey Of Leading Approaches

Key Points

The survey reveals significant advancements in large language models, particularly from OpenAI and Google.
Notable LLMs such as GPT-4 and PaLM 2 demonstrate varied architectures and performance metrics.
Evaluation included official papers and third-party reviews to give a complete picture of model capabilities.
The implications for future LLMs and AI applications suggest evolving landscapes in machine learning.

Abstract

The exponential development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly contributed to the evolution of the artificial intelligence (AI) landscape. This paper focuses on surveying several state-of-the-art LLMs, including big names in the industry like, OpenAI's GPT-4, Anthropic's Claude 3, Google's PaLM 2, and Meta's LLaMA 3.1. We evaluated these models based on their architecture, training data, performance and applications, using information from official papers, technical documentation and third-party reviews. By combining the claims from primary sources and third-party analysis, this survey hopes to give a summary of what the latest LLMs can do, what they can’t and what’s next for these cutting-edge domains of machine learning.

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